2026-4-S.M. Gridjushko, V.L. Krasilnikova, O.N. Dudich, A.M. Prudnik

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22263/2312-4156.2026.4.70

S.M. Gridjushko¹, V.L. Krasilnikova², O.N. Dudich², A.M. Prudnik³
Targeted prediction of refractive outcome based on standard intraocular lens calculation, ocular biometry, and vitreomacular interface parameters
¹Gomel Regional Specialized Clinical Hospital, Gomel, Republic of Belarus
²Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
³Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Minsk, Republic of Belarus

Vestnik VGMU. 2026;25(4):70-77.

Abstract.
Objectives. To develop and test a targeted method for predicting postoperative refractive outcome in which standard 71 intraocular lens power calculation is supplemented with ocular biometric parameters and optical coherence tomography parameters of the macula and vitreomacular interface. Material and methods. This retrospective study included 265 eyes after phacoemulsification with the intraocular lens implantation. Predictors included standard lens power, refractive target, axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, disc-fovea distance, and macular optical coherence tomography parameters. Baseline, biometric, and full models were compared. An L2-regularized linear meta-model predicted spherical equivalent. Accuracy was assessed by 10-fold crossvalidation using the mean absolute and root mean squared errors, R², and proportions within 0.50 D and 1.00 D. Results. The baseline model yielded the mean absolute error of 0.589 D and a root mean squared error of 0.743 D. Biometric parameters alone did not improve prediction. The full model reduced mean absolute error to 0.455 D and root mean squared error to 0.614 D; R² increased from 0.235 to 0.479. The proportion within 0.50 D rose from 51.3% to 65.7%. The mean paired reduction in absolute error was 0.134 D (95% CI 0.089-0.177; p<0.001). Conclusions. Adding macular and vitreomacular interface parameters to standard intraocular lens calculation improved prediction of spherical equivalent and may support selection between neighboring lens powers.

Keywords: aphakia, intraocular lens, intraocular lens calculation, target refraction, ocular biometry, vitreomacular interface, optical coherence tomography, prediction.

References

1. Melles RB, Holladay JT, Chang WJ. Accuracy of intraocular lens calculation formulas. Ophthalmology. 2018 Feb;125(2):169-178. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.08.027
2. Kane JX, Van Heerden A, Atik A, Petsoglou C. Intraocular lens power formula accuracy: comparison of 7 formulas. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. 2016 Oct;42(10):1490- 1500. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.07.021
3. Darcy K, Gunn D, Tavassoli S, Sparrow J, Kane JX. Assessment of the accuracy of new and updated intraocular lens power calculation formulas in 10 930 eyes from the UK National Health Service. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. 2020 Jan;46(1):2-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2019.08.014
4. Connell BJ, Kane JX. Comparison of the Kane formula with existing formulas for intraocular lens power selection. BMJ Open Ophthalmology. 2019 Apr;4(1):e000251. doi: 10.1136/ bmjophth-2018-000251
5. Debellemanière G, Dubois M, Gauvin M, Wallerstein A, Brenner LF, Rampat R, et al. The PEARL-DGS formula: the development of an open-source machine learningbased thick IOL calculation formula. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021 Dec;232:58-69. doi: 10.1016/j. ajo.2021.05.004
6. Klein BR, Brown EN, Casden RS. Preoperative macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in patients considering advanced-technology intraocular lenses for cataract surgery. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. 2016 Apr;42(4):537-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.01.036
7. Zafar S, Siddiqui MAR, Shahzad R, Shahzad MH. Sweptsource optical coherence tomography to screen for macular pathology in eyes having routine cataract surgery. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. 2017 Mar;43(3):324-327. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.12.022
8. Ahmed TM, Siddiqui MAR, Hussain B. Optical coherence tomography as a diagnostic intervention before cataract surgery: a review. Eye. 2023 Aug;37(11):2176-2182. doi: 10.1038/s41433-022-02320-y
9. Abdelmassih Y, El-Khoury S, Georges S, Guindolet D, Gabison E, Cochereau I. Preoperative spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in patients having cataract surgery. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. 2018 May;44(5):610-614. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2018.02.020
10. Qiu K, Wang G, Zhang R, Lu Xuehui, Zhang M, Jansonius NM. Influence of optic disc-fovea distance on macular thickness measurements with OCT in healthy myopic eyes. Scientific Reports. 2018;8:5233. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018- 23479-z
11. Qiu K, Chen B, Yang J, Zheng C, Chen H, Zhang M, et al. Effect of optic disc-fovea distance on the normative classifications of macular inner retinal layers as assessed with OCT in healthy subjects. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019 Jun;103(6):821-825. doi: 10.1136/ bjophthalmol-2018-312162
12. Dersch AM, Stucker KL, Hajrasouliha AR. The effect of axial length to basement-membrane opening to fovea distance on optical coherence tomography. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2023 Jan;33(1):463-467. doi: 10.1177/11206721221116699
13. Hipólito-Fernandes D, Elisa Luís M, Gil P, Maduro V, Feijão J, Yeo TK, et al. VRF-G, a new intraocular lens power calculation formula: a 13-formulas comparison study. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2020 Dec;14:4395-4402. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S290125

Submitted 10.08.2026
Accepted 27.08.2026

Information about authors:

Sergey M. Gridjushko – ophthalmologist of the Eye Microsurgery Department No. 2, Gomel Regional Specialized Clinical Hospital, https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9013-6616, e-mail: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.;
V.L. Krasilnikova – Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor of the Chair of Ophthalmology, the Institute for Advanced Training and Retraining of Healthcare Personnel of the Belarusian State Medical University, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5852-2616;
O.N. Dudich – Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor of the Chair of Ophthalmology, the Institute for Advanced Training and Retraining of Healthcare Personnel of the Belarusian State Medical University, https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6554-3230;
A.M. Prudnik – Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Chair of Engineering Psychology and Ergonomics, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-1819.

Поиск по сайту